Introduction: Hippocampal differentiation
- The hippocampus shows a long axis anterior-posterior differentiation of function
- Poppenk et al. (2013) suggested that the type of processing in the hippocampus varied from fine to coarse grained in a posterior to anterior direction, based on evidence that receptive fields vary from narrow at the posterior end of the hippocampus to broad at the anterior end (Kjelstrup et al., 2008; Maurer Vanrhoads, Sutherland, Lipa, & McNaughton, 2005).
- Anterior = pattern completion, posterior = pattern separation
Grady et al., 2020
- The anterior and posterior portions may undergo different developmental trajectories across the lifespan, and may give rise to some of the cognitive changes that commonly accompany the aging process (i.e., episodic memory)
Langnes et al., 2020
## Sleep and the hippocampus
- Hippocampus involved in sleep architecture (theta in REM, sharp wave ripples in NREM, coupling with slow wave)
- Chronic sleep disruption and circadian rhythmicity affect hippocampal neurogenesis in animals (Raven et al., 2018; Kreutzmann et al., 2015)
- In older adults, more robust rest-activity rhythms were associated with greater anterior hippocampal volume (Sherman et al., 2015)
- Sleep disturbance in older adults predicts increasingly worse scores on standardized neuropsychological tests, including memory subcomponents that depend upon the hippocampus (HVLT)
Research Question
Are sleep-wake patterns associated with volumetric differences along the hippocampal long axis that underlie episodic memory?
Methods
- Healthy younger (n = 43, age = 21.5, ±3.86) and older (n = 43, age = 68.2, ±5.63) adults
- Actigraphy
- fMRI scanning
- Episodic memory measures: associative memory task, CVLT (older adults only)
- Working memory/novelty measure: repeat task
Actigraphy
- Selected mean sleep duration, acrophase, amplitude, and interdaily stability as measures of interest
- Planned to use CVLT, but did not have data available from younger adults :(
CVLT
Associative memory task
- Had associative memory task data, but really only have a good measure of intial encoding and short-term recall (no long-term recall measure)
- This is problematic because really wanted long-term recall measure (Langnes et al. 2020)
Repeat task
- 1-back working memory task
- Novelty vs. familiarity
Participants
| Young Adults | Older Adults | |
|---|---|---|
| n | 43 | 55 |
| Group = Older Adults (%) | 0 ( 0.0) | 55 (100.0) |
| age (mean (SD)) | 21.51 (3.86) | 68.20 (5.63) |
| sex = Male (%) | 17 (39.5) | 12 ( 21.8) |
| years_educ (mean (SD)) | 14.62 (2.38) | 16.88 (2.94) |
| global_psqi (mean (SD)) | 4.21 (1.79) | 4.40 (2.15) |
| cesd_score (mean (SD)) | 7.00 (4.08) | 2.00 (NA) |
| gds_total (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 1.20 (2.30) |
| sleep_time_mean_sleep (mean (SD)) | 398.57 (97.86) | 404.55 (85.83) |
| efficiency_mean_sleep (mean (SD)) | 81.43 (6.92) | 80.62 (9.04) |
| total_ac_mean_active (mean (SD)) | 326940.99 (189192.81) | 251197.38 (89924.99) |
| actamp (mean (SD)) | 1.61 (0.29) | 1.58 (0.34) |
| IS (mean (SD)) | 0.42 (0.11) | 0.54 (0.12) |
| actphi (mean (SD)) | 16.38 (1.45) | 14.73 (1.65) |
Parcellation
- Used brainlife.io to obtain hippocampal volume measures
- Uploaded BIDS dataset
- Checked orientation of all T1 images - Ran ACPC alignment
Originial T1:
T1
ACPC aligned:
ACPC alignment
- Used “HBT” divisions (Iglesias et al., 2015)
- This parcellation was based on both ex vivo and in vivo data
Manual labelling
In vivo segmentation
Hippocampal parcellation
Results
Aging and hippocampal volume
ICV normalized
We wanted to look at hippocampal volume independently of total intracranial volume, so we calculated HC volume as follows: adjusted HC volume = raw HC volume – b X (ICV – average ICV), where b is the slope of regression of the raw HC volume on ICV (Brehmer et al., 2020).
Memory Performance
| Young Adults | Older Adults | |
|---|---|---|
| n | 43 | 52 |
| Group = Older Adults (%) | 0 (0.0) | 52 (100.0) |
| cvlt_sdelay_recall_zscore (mean (SD)) | NaN (NA) | 0.64 (1.03) |
| cvlt_ldelay_recall_zscore (mean (SD)) | NaN (NA) | 0.54 (0.95) |
| cvlt_recognition_hits_zscore (mean (SD)) | NaN (NA) | -0.14 (1.00) |
| cvlt_recognition_fp_zscore (mean (SD)) | NaN (NA) | -0.17 (0.96) |
| cvlt_zscore (mean (SD)) | NaN (NA) | 0.27 (0.73) |
| acc_mean.learning (mean (SD)) | 0.88 (0.16) | 0.80 (0.17) |
| acc_std.learning (mean (SD)) | 0.24 (0.16) | 0.34 (0.14) |
| rt_c_mean.learning (mean (SD)) | 1732.99 (401.86) | 2770.81 (1688.63) |
| rt_c_std.learning (mean (SD)) | 739.88 (288.11) | 1388.35 (1623.11) |
| acc_mean.test (mean (SD)) | 0.90 (0.11) | 0.84 (0.10) |
| acc_std.test (mean (SD)) | 0.24 (0.16) | 0.33 (0.13) |
| rt_c_mean.test (mean (SD)) | 2459.76 (211.57) | 2773.37 (225.69) |
| rt_c_std.test (mean (SD)) | 342.31 (141.26) | 450.80 (107.35) |
## record_id acc_mean.learning acc_mean.test
## 1 40550 0.25 0.6666667
Hippocampal volume and CVLT performance within older adults
- Only had CVLT data for older adults
- Did not see relationship between hippocampal volume and CVLT memory
Sleep and CVLT performance
Hippocampal volume and associative memory task performance
- Using the associative memory task allowed us to include the young adult comparison group.
- There was a significant Group by hippocampal head volume effect on associative memory accuracy during the test phase, where older adults showed a positive association between hippocampal head volume and memory accuracy, whereas young adults showed the opposite trend.
Sleep and memory performance
- In this study, young and older adult age groups showed differential relationships between acrophase and (1) accuracy during the test phase, and (2) response time on correct trials during both the learning and test phases
Hippocampal volume and sleep
- Nada!
Discussion
- Did not identify evidence of a long-axis encoding/retrieval differentiation using either of our episodic memory tasks
- Among older adults, greater hippocampal head volume was associated with greater associative memory accuracy during test.
- Acrophase was also associated with greater associative memory accuracy during test, consistent with (Ming Yi Lee et al., 2021) which recently found that older adults with delayed acrophase were less likely to have better cognition
- But, acrophase was not associated with hippocampal head volume
- No other selected sleep measures (mean sleep duration, rhythm amplitude, interdaily stability, acrophase) were associated with hippocampal volume at conventional statistical thresholds.
- Did not see any relationship with CVLT performance in contrast to prior literature.
Limitations
- Lack of CVLT-II data for young adult group prevented examination of different components of memory across adult development
- Hoped to partially overcome this limitation by evaluating relationships between hippocampal volume and aspects of performance on an associative memory task. This task provided behavioral measures much narrower in scope compared to the CVLT-II, with instead only measures of initial encoding and short-term recall.
- Participants across both age groups performed well on this task, making it difficult to tease out functional variability.
- Healthy group not representative of “normal” aging
- Cross-sectional nature of the study may have prevented us from picking up on the key features of sleep that are important markers of cognitive health. Maybe the trajectories of these sleep patterns rather than their raw values are more revealing about the expected status of an individual’s cognitive performance and underlying brain health.
All analyses below
Hippocampal volume and associative memory
- Excluded participants below chance accuracy
Sleep
Sleep and hippocampal volume
Sleep and cognition
Stats
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.51771 -0.03858 0.03792 0.08202 0.17520
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.204e+00 2.704e-01 4.452 2.73e-05 ***
## Hippocampal_head -8.901e-05 7.792e-05 -1.142 0.257
## GroupOlder Adults -5.322e-01 3.668e-01 -1.451 0.151
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults 1.408e-04 1.099e-04 1.281 0.204
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1396 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06475, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02968
## F-statistic: 1.846 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 0.1454
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.55334 -0.03241 0.03999 0.08152 0.16358
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9.588e-01 1.920e-01 4.994 3.34e-06 ***
## Hippocampal_head -1.820e-05 5.514e-05 -0.330 0.7423
## GroupOlder Adults -6.425e-02 3.403e-02 -1.888 0.0626 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1401 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04556, Adjusted R-squared: 0.022
## F-statistic: 1.933 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.1513
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1451.0 -426.1 -103.2 334.6 3802.2
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1370.1497 1428.7625 0.959 0.340
## Hippocampal_head 0.1008 0.4117 0.245 0.807
## GroupOlder Adults 424.4801 1938.0878 0.219 0.827
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults 0.1022 0.5805 0.176 0.861
##
## Residual standard error: 737.5 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2037, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1738
## F-statistic: 6.82 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 0.0003762
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1461.8 -429.9 -100.4 346.9 3818.0
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1192.2553 1004.4516 1.187 0.239
## Hippocampal_head 0.1522 0.2885 0.528 0.599
## GroupOlder Adults 764.3598 178.0484 4.293 4.85e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 733.1 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2033, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1837
## F-statistic: 10.34 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.0001003
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.56035 -0.03390 0.04314 0.08288 0.16729
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.706e-01 2.281e-01 3.817 0.000265 ***
## Hippocampal_tail 2.147e-05 1.933e-04 0.111 0.911854
## GroupOlder Adults 1.699e-02 3.109e-01 0.055 0.956560
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults -6.851e-05 2.735e-04 -0.250 0.802844
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.141 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04513, Adjusted R-squared: 0.009327
## F-statistic: 1.26 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 0.2936
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.56378 -0.03264 0.04813 0.08091 0.16454
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9.108e-01 1.612e-01 5.651 2.3e-07 ***
## Hippocampal_tail -1.276e-05 1.359e-04 -0.094 0.9254
## GroupOlder Adults -6.046e-02 3.286e-02 -1.840 0.0694 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1402 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04439, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02079
## F-statistic: 1.881 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.159
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1524.6 -403.4 -85.8 311.4 3906.8
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1232.1159 1192.3848 1.033 0.305
## Hippocampal_tail 0.4144 1.0105 0.410 0.683
## GroupOlder Adults 1699.4404 1625.4811 1.045 0.299
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults -0.8648 1.4296 -0.605 0.547
##
## Residual standard error: 737.2 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2043, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1744
## F-statistic: 6.845 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 0.0003655
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1495.2 -415.6 -78.3 315.9 3867.1
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1739.50446 844.13529 2.061 0.0425 *
## Hippocampal_tail -0.01769 0.71201 -0.025 0.9802
## GroupOlder Adults 721.76536 172.08137 4.194 6.95e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 734.3 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2006, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1809
## F-statistic: 10.16 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.0001152
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.22040 -0.07173 0.01559 0.07299 0.15640
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.142e+00 1.844e-01 6.192 2.41e-08 ***
## Hippocampal_head -6.827e-05 5.315e-05 -1.284 0.2027
## GroupOlder Adults -5.673e-01 2.502e-01 -2.268 0.0260 *
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults 1.541e-04 7.493e-05 2.057 0.0429 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.0952 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1296, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09698
## F-statistic: 3.971 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 0.01082
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.24185 -0.06762 0.01380 0.06941 0.15168
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.738e-01 1.330e-01 6.569 4.52e-09 ***
## Hippocampal_head 9.277e-06 3.820e-05 0.243 0.8088
## GroupOlder Adults -5.492e-02 2.358e-02 -2.329 0.0224 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09708 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08358, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06096
## F-statistic: 3.694 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.02916
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -417.59 -137.50 -1.05 114.96 612.22
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2250.14650 400.73076 5.615 2.75e-07 ***
## Hippocampal_head 0.05575 0.11548 0.483 0.631
## GroupOlder Adults 410.94354 543.58326 0.756 0.452
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults -0.02296 0.16281 -0.141 0.888
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 206.9 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3907, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3679
## F-statistic: 17.1 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 1.131e-08
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -417.38 -139.36 -3.32 116.35 613.50
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.290e+03 2.817e+02 8.129 4.17e-12 ***
## Hippocampal_head 4.420e-02 8.091e-02 0.546 0.586
## GroupOlder Adults 3.346e+02 4.993e+01 6.701 2.53e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 205.6 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3906, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3755
## F-statistic: 25.96 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 1.945e-09
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.23819 -0.05677 0.02205 0.06771 0.17914
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.767e-01 1.568e-01 5.591 3.03e-07 ***
## Hippocampal_tail 2.483e-05 1.329e-04 0.187 0.852
## GroupOlder Adults -1.893e-01 2.138e-01 -0.886 0.379
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults 1.233e-04 1.880e-04 0.656 0.514
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09695 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09732, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06346
## F-statistic: 2.875 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 0.04128
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.23559 -0.05522 0.01669 0.07115 0.16763
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.044e-01 1.111e-01 7.243 2.28e-10 ***
## Hippocampal_tail 8.645e-05 9.367e-05 0.923 0.3588
## GroupOlder Adults -4.986e-02 2.264e-02 -2.202 0.0305 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09661 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09246, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07005
## F-statistic: 4.126 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.01966
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -420.20 -123.31 -14.39 112.82 611.27
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1897.2309 329.3795 5.760 1.5e-07 ***
## Hippocampal_tail 0.4647 0.2791 1.665 0.0999 .
## GroupOlder Adults 958.8544 449.0163 2.135 0.0358 *
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults -0.5479 0.3949 -1.387 0.1692
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 203.7 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4095, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3873
## F-statistic: 18.49 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 3.32e-09
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -418.57 -138.53 -24.57 109.54 602.28
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2218.7149 235.4315 9.424 1.15e-14 ***
## Hippocampal_tail 0.1910 0.1986 0.962 0.339
## GroupOlder Adults 339.3944 47.9939 7.072 4.90e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 204.8 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3952, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3803
## F-statistic: 26.47 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 1.425e-09
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_head ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group,
## data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -708.92 -138.10 0.67 181.29 570.04
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3474.52100 167.08274 20.795 < 2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep -0.04161 0.41703 -0.100 0.921
## GroupOlder Adults -268.94030 62.08466 -4.332 4.21e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 282.3 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.191, Adjusted R-squared: 0.171
## F-statistic: 9.561 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.0001871
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group,
## data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -351.11 -55.08 11.93 72.01 270.93
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1116.0215 67.4855 16.537 < 2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 0.1510 0.1684 0.896 0.372812
## GroupOlder Adults -89.9853 25.0763 -3.588 0.000568 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 114 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1394, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1181
## F-statistic: 6.558 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.002291
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -324.89 -49.89 0.72 67.34 286.91
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1222.202 204.501 5.976 6.44e-08 ***
## actphi -3.339 12.481 -0.268 0.790
## GroupOlder Adults -435.455 271.720 -1.603 0.113
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults 23.961 17.480 1.371 0.174
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 112.9 on 78 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1463, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1135
## F-statistic: 4.456 on 3 and 78 DF, p-value: 0.006083
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_head ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -707.66 -147.58 -11.57 182.13 567.19
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3579.604 363.290 9.853 2.12e-15 ***
## actphi -7.699 22.081 -0.349 0.728281
## GroupOlder Adults -278.751 74.213 -3.756 0.000329 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 285.2 on 79 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1834, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1628
## F-statistic: 8.873 on 2 and 79 DF, p-value: 0.0003339
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -334.17 -53.61 0.11 64.75 278.50
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1022.836 144.563 7.075 5.36e-10 ***
## actphi 8.878 8.787 1.010 0.3154
## GroupOlder Adults -65.165 29.532 -2.207 0.0302 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 113.5 on 79 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1258, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1036
## F-statistic: 5.682 on 2 and 79 DF, p-value: 0.004949
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_head ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -750.57 -143.71 -19.09 204.23 527.53
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3347.92 128.07 26.141 < 2e-16 ***
## IS 286.41 281.95 1.016 0.313
## GroupOlder Adults -321.52 72.91 -4.410 3.55e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 282.7 on 72 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2218, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2001
## F-statistic: 10.26 on 2 and 72 DF, p-value: 0.0001202
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -283.81 -66.85 12.38 88.11 239.18
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1075.86 52.78 20.385 < 2e-16 ***
## IS 221.43 116.19 1.906 0.060673 .
## GroupOlder Adults -106.15 30.05 -3.533 0.000722 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 116.5 on 72 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1493, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1256
## F-statistic: 6.316 on 2 and 72 DF, p-value: 0.00297
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_1 ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2,
## Group == "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.5170 -0.8654 0.2169 0.9648 2.3303
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.960868 2.965868 3.021 0.00437 **
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 0.004266 0.002506 1.702 0.09650 .
## age -0.063447 0.040510 -1.566 0.12518
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.407 on 40 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1209, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07698
## F-statistic: 2.751 on 2 and 40 DF, p-value: 0.07593
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age,
## data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -6.5870 -2.0318 0.4958 2.0471 4.9189
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 15.331804 6.386172 2.401 0.0211 *
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 0.010611 0.005396 1.966 0.0562 .
## age -0.123029 0.087228 -1.410 0.1661
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.029 on 40 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1307, Adjusted R-squared: 0.08725
## F-statistic: 3.007 on 2 and 40 DF, p-value: 0.06071
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age,
## data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -8.6033 -1.6688 0.4091 1.6829 4.7386
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 16.680939 6.106533 2.732 0.00933 **
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 0.006696 0.005160 1.298 0.20186
## age -0.115868 0.083408 -1.389 0.17247
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.896 on 40 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08502, Adjusted R-squared: 0.03927
## F-statistic: 1.858 on 2 and 40 DF, p-value: 0.1691
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_recognition_hits ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep +
## age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.8920 -0.6978 0.1086 0.9122 1.6265
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 17.9055295 2.6833891 6.673 5.37e-08 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 0.0006457 0.0022675 0.285 0.777
## age -0.0490041 0.0366521 -1.337 0.189
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.273 on 40 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04515, Adjusted R-squared: -0.002594
## F-statistic: 0.9457 on 2 and 40 DF, p-value: 0.3969
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_1 ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.1033 -1.3262 -0.2173 1.2568 2.8241
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 6.860 1.069 6.419 1.7e-07 ***
## IS -1.037 1.954 -0.530 0.599
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.504 on 37 degrees of freedom
## (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.007547, Adjusted R-squared: -0.01928
## F-statistic: 0.2814 on 1 and 37 DF, p-value: 0.599
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, Group ==
## "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.7768 -1.7768 0.3344 2.5294 5.0016
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 14.168 2.260 6.270 2.71e-07 ***
## IS -5.560 4.132 -1.346 0.187
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.18 on 37 degrees of freedom
## (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04666, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02089
## F-statistic: 1.811 on 1 and 37 DF, p-value: 0.1866
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, Group ==
## "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -8.0911 -2.0285 -0.1671 2.0532 4.7568
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 13.411 2.105 6.371 1.98e-07 ***
## IS -3.803 3.849 -0.988 0.33
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.962 on 37 degrees of freedom
## (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02571, Adjusted R-squared: -0.0006254
## F-statistic: 0.9763 on 1 and 37 DF, p-value: 0.3295
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_recognition_hits ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2,
## Group == "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.1625 -0.8340 0.3796 1.0134 1.7459
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 16.4211 0.8962 18.323 <2e-16 ***
## IS -3.0521 1.6388 -1.862 0.0705 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.261 on 37 degrees of freedom
## (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08571, Adjusted R-squared: 0.061
## F-statistic: 3.469 on 1 and 37 DF, p-value: 0.07049
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_1 ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.3592 -1.3124 -0.3293 1.5824 2.6479
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 6.89590 2.36091 2.921 0.00565 **
## actphi -0.03594 0.16126 -0.223 0.82473
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.481 on 41 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.00121, Adjusted R-squared: -0.02315
## F-statistic: 0.04968 on 1 and 41 DF, p-value: 0.8247
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2,
## Group == "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -6.1032 -1.9656 0.5189 2.1995 5.0930
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.4578 5.0963 1.660 0.105
## actphi 0.1920 0.3481 0.552 0.584
##
## Residual standard error: 3.197 on 41 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.007365, Adjusted R-squared: -0.01685
## F-statistic: 0.3042 on 1 and 41 DF, p-value: 0.5842
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2,
## Group == "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -8.3577 -1.9687 0.2576 2.1735 4.8401
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.6903 4.7469 1.831 0.0744 .
## actphi 0.1936 0.3242 0.597 0.5537
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.978 on 41 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.008621, Adjusted R-squared: -0.01556
## F-statistic: 0.3565 on 1 and 41 DF, p-value: 0.5537
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_recognition_hits ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2,
## Group == "Older Adults"))
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.8003 -0.8419 0.1619 1.0950 1.3514
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 13.84854 2.04489 6.772 3.46e-08 ***
## actphi 0.06784 0.13967 0.486 0.63
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.283 on 41 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.005721, Adjusted R-squared: -0.01853
## F-statistic: 0.2359 on 1 and 41 DF, p-value: 0.6298
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: acc_mean.test by sleepundersix
## t = 0.48569, df = 12.093, p-value = 0.6359
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.06941689 0.10928618
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h
## 0.8638889 0.8439542
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: rt_c_mean.test by sleepundersix
## t = -3.4084, df = 24.196, p-value = 0.002291
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -317.24291 -78.00989
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h
## 2612.949 2810.576
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: cvlt_ldelay_recall by sleepundersix
## t = 0.2167, df = 13.895, p-value = 0.8316
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -2.185640 2.676549
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h
## 11.70000 11.45455
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: cvlt_recognition_hits by sleepundersix
## t = 1.2639, df = 22.027, p-value = 0.2195
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.3028723 1.2483268
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h
## 15.20000 14.72727
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group,
## data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.56251 -0.03620 0.02417 0.10247 0.16240
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.956e-01 1.431e-01 6.256 1.83e-08
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 6.723e-07 3.664e-04 0.002 0.999
## GroupOlder Adults -2.342e-01 1.755e-01 -1.335 0.186
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults 4.338e-04 4.416e-04 0.983 0.329
##
## (Intercept) ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep
## GroupOlder Adults
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1384 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08004, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04554
## F-statistic: 2.32 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 0.08155
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group,
## data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.56547 -0.03944 0.02679 0.09408 0.16274
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.7802345 0.0819040 9.526 7.26e-15 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 0.0002994 0.0002044 1.465 0.1469
## GroupOlder Adults -0.0644313 0.0304339 -2.117 0.0373 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1384 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06894, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04595
## F-statistic: 2.999 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.05541
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group,
## data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1343.2 -439.7 -102.1 358.2 3854.8
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2216.583 761.014 2.913 0.00464 **
## sleep_time_mean_sleep -1.289 1.948 -0.662 0.50988
## GroupOlder Adults -20.670 932.877 -0.022 0.98238
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults 1.900 2.347 0.809 0.42066
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 735.9 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2071, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1774
## F-statistic: 6.965 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 0.0003186
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group,
## data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1489.3 -417.7 -78.6 317.9 3865.1
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.711e+03 4.346e+02 3.938 0.000173 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 1.889e-02 1.085e+00 0.017 0.986150
## GroupOlder Adults 7.230e+02 1.615e+02 4.477 2.45e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 734.3 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2006, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1809
## F-statistic: 10.16 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.0001153
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.24417 -0.06875 0.01920 0.06881 0.16655
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.698e-01 1.007e-01 8.636 4.56e-13
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 9.357e-05 2.578e-04 0.363 0.718
## GroupOlder Adults -6.631e-02 1.235e-01 -0.537 0.593
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults 1.811e-05 3.107e-04 0.058 0.954
##
## (Intercept) ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep
## GroupOlder Adults
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09739 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08914, Adjusted R-squared: 0.05498
## F-statistic: 2.61 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 0.05716
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.24483 -0.06885 0.01957 0.06902 0.16579
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.864961 0.057281 15.100 < 2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 0.000106 0.000143 0.742 0.46040
## GroupOlder Adults -0.059220 0.021285 -2.782 0.00671 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09679 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0891, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06661
## F-statistic: 3.962 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 0.02283
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group,
## data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -465.21 -132.18 -2.53 114.82 620.87
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.442e+03 2.110e+02 11.572 <2e-16
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 3.004e-03 5.401e-01 0.006 0.996
## GroupOlder Adults 9.044e+01 2.587e+02 0.350 0.728
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults 5.761e-01 6.509e-01 0.885 0.379
##
## (Intercept) ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep
## GroupOlder Adults
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 204 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4072, Adjusted R-squared: 0.385
## F-statistic: 18.32 on 3 and 80 DF, p-value: 3.862e-09
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group,
## data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -450.65 -135.17 -11.76 109.99 617.05
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2288.6427 120.5927 18.978 < 2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep 0.3997 0.3010 1.328 0.188
## GroupOlder Adults 315.9086 44.8099 7.050 5.4e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 203.8 on 81 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4014, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3866
## F-statistic: 27.16 on 2 and 81 DF, p-value: 9.435e-10
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.55244 -0.02597 0.03725 0.08182 0.18319
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.123419 0.255790 4.392 3.49e-05 ***
## actphi -0.014193 0.015612 -0.909 0.366
## GroupOlder Adults -0.135316 0.339867 -0.398 0.692
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults 0.003776 0.021864 0.173 0.863
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1412 on 78 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.05364, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01724
## F-statistic: 1.474 on 3 and 78 DF, p-value: 0.2282
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.55326 -0.02568 0.03703 0.08378 0.18669
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.09201 0.17871 6.110 3.53e-08 ***
## actphi -0.01227 0.01086 -1.129 0.2622
## GroupOlder Adults -0.07697 0.03651 -2.108 0.0382 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1403 on 79 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.05328, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02931
## F-statistic: 2.223 on 2 and 79 DF, p-value: 0.115
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1365.3 -418.3 -72.4 293.4 3633.9
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2659.28 1321.72 2.012 0.0477 *
## actphi -57.71 80.67 -0.715 0.4765
## GroupOlder Adults 1850.66 1756.16 1.054 0.2952
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults -84.38 112.97 -0.747 0.4574
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 729.5 on 78 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2342, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2047
## F-statistic: 7.95 on 3 and 78 DF, p-value: 0.0001084
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1402.7 -450.9 -65.5 313.7 3701.3
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3361.34 926.57 3.628 0.000505 ***
## actphi -100.73 56.32 -1.789 0.077516 .
## GroupOlder Adults 546.71 189.28 2.888 0.004995 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 727.4 on 79 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2287, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2092
## F-statistic: 11.71 on 2 and 79 DF, p-value: 3.512e-05
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.23996 -0.07085 0.02202 0.07274 0.15329
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.965842 0.179133 5.392 7.22e-07 ***
## actphi -0.003663 0.010933 -0.335 0.738
## GroupOlder Adults -0.102040 0.238013 -0.429 0.669
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults 0.002611 0.015311 0.170 0.865
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09887 on 78 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08277, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04749
## F-statistic: 2.346 on 3 and 78 DF, p-value: 0.07919
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.23975 -0.07103 0.02459 0.07072 0.15546
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.944122 0.125155 7.544 6.71e-11 ***
## actphi -0.002332 0.007607 -0.307 0.7600
## GroupOlder Adults -0.061697 0.025567 -2.413 0.0181 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09826 on 79 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08243, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0592
## F-statistic: 3.548 on 2 and 79 DF, p-value: 0.03344
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -447.6 -116.6 -4.7 120.1 693.5
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2764.36 368.07 7.510 8.3e-11 ***
## actphi -19.85 22.46 -0.883 0.380
## GroupOlder Adults 618.13 489.05 1.264 0.210
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults -22.54 31.46 -0.716 0.476
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 203.1 on 78 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.421, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3988
## F-statistic: 18.91 on 3 and 78 DF, p-value: 2.599e-09
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -439.95 -124.73 -4.16 112.14 671.33
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2951.87 257.96 11.443 < 2e-16 ***
## actphi -31.34 15.68 -1.999 0.0491 *
## GroupOlder Adults 269.86 52.70 5.121 2.09e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 202.5 on 79 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4172, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4025
## F-statistic: 28.28 on 2 and 79 DF, p-value: 5.459e-10
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.57683 -0.02783 0.03023 0.07388 0.16918
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.95005 0.09261 10.258 1.17e-15 ***
## IS -0.08864 0.21298 -0.416 0.679
## GroupOlder Adults -0.11517 0.13304 -0.866 0.390
## IS:GroupOlder Adults 0.08316 0.27493 0.302 0.763
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.135 on 71 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08798, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04944
## F-statistic: 2.283 on 3 and 71 DF, p-value: 0.08641
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.57826 -0.03125 0.03401 0.08086 0.17598
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.92902 0.06079 15.283 <2e-16 ***
## IS -0.03873 0.13383 -0.289 0.7731
## GroupOlder Adults -0.07634 0.03461 -2.206 0.0306 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1342 on 72 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0868, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06144
## F-statistic: 3.422 on 2 and 72 DF, p-value: 0.03804
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1553.7 -434.2 -67.1 297.9 3779.5
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1668.26 521.65 3.198 0.00207 **
## IS 95.32 1199.62 0.079 0.93689
## GroupOlder Adults 1289.10 749.36 1.720 0.08974 .
## IS:GroupOlder Adults -971.49 1548.52 -0.627 0.53243
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 760.6 on 71 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2234, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1906
## F-statistic: 6.808 on 3 and 71 DF, p-value: 0.0004248
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1547.7 -412.6 -62.1 317.0 3797.1
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1914.0 343.1 5.578 4.01e-07 ***
## IS -487.7 755.4 -0.646 0.521
## GroupOlder Adults 835.4 195.3 4.276 5.74e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 757.4 on 72 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2191, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1974
## F-statistic: 10.1 on 2 and 72 DF, p-value: 0.000136
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.24823 -0.06037 0.02654 0.06488 0.17941
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.92182 0.06631 13.901 <2e-16 ***
## IS -0.01505 0.15250 -0.099 0.922
## GroupOlder Adults -0.12550 0.09526 -1.317 0.192
## IS:GroupOlder Adults 0.10492 0.19686 0.533 0.596
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.0967 on 71 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1299, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09318
## F-statistic: 3.535 on 3 and 71 DF, p-value: 0.01898
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.25066 -0.05939 0.02616 0.06746 0.16828
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.89529 0.04359 20.541 < 2e-16 ***
## IS 0.04791 0.09595 0.499 0.61908
## GroupOlder Adults -0.07650 0.02481 -3.083 0.00291 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09621 on 72 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1265, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1022
## F-statistic: 5.212 on 2 and 72 DF, p-value: 0.007694
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -426.24 -123.89 -24.89 121.07 597.08
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2447.85 146.51 16.707 <2e-16 ***
## IS -52.79 336.94 -0.157 0.876
## GroupOlder Adults 228.60 210.47 1.086 0.281
## IS:GroupOlder Adults 223.42 434.93 0.514 0.609
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 213.6 on 71 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4049, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3798
## F-statistic: 16.1 on 3 and 71 DF, p-value: 4.387e-08
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -423.15 -123.04 -14.88 128.27 601.95
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2391.34 96.28 24.836 < 2e-16 ***
## IS 81.29 211.97 0.383 0.702
## GroupOlder Adults 332.95 54.82 6.074 5.34e-08 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 212.5 on 72 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4027, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3861
## F-statistic: 24.27 on 2 and 72 DF, p-value: 8.774e-09